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Earthquake resistance is also addressed in IS 13828-1993 Improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry buildings - Guidelines, and IS 13935-1993 Guidelines for repair and seismic strengthening of buildings. Year the first code/standard addressing this type of construction issued: 1967 When was the most recent code/standard addressing this construction type issued?[1] Earthquake resistance is very important for buildings in earthquake-prone areas. It was reported in Beichuan town, which was the worst damaged area in the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th 2008, almost all of the ferro-concrete structure buildings were destroyed.[2] Earthquake resistance is assured by taking the expected accelerations from an earthquake into account and by designing the strength and restraints appropriately. Safe failure modes are designed in by including earthquake stops on the track systems.[3]
References:
[1] world-housing.net/whereport1view.php?id=100054
[2] diamondwoodchina.com/english/environment/sustainable
[3] tmt.org/pmcorner/2006-10.html
Earthquake resistance is a relative new feature of Vancouver building codes; therefore, many existing buildings were built without regards to their lateral-load capacity. In particular, many wood-frame homes were built by non-engineered conventional-construction standards.[4] Earthquake resistance is, of course, one of the reasons. [5]
References:
[4] northberkeley.ca
[5] nicaliving.com/node/16529
Seismic vibrations are recorded by pickups situated on the subsoil and on the voussoir arch. The digital multichannel seismic recording apparatus (256 samples per sec) is equipped for continuous telemetric data transfer and automated evaluation.[18] Seismic tremor levels were at low values. The SO2 emission rate was about 2,050 tonnes/day on March 19.[19]
References:
[18] adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008agusm.s43a..15b
[19] kathycalm.livejournal.com
Wood structures are more flexible than concrete or steel structures and, flexibility is a key issue in building survival during a seismic event. Many wood frame structures survive earthquakes when masonry structures fail.[21] Wood as we know it, is alive, and is a beautiful natural element. The log walls of your house act as a natural air filter, thus providing permanent ventilation with a unique aroma.[22] Wood is comprised of tiny air pockets which help resist the flow of heat. R-value is the measurement of insulation performance of various materials.[23]
References:
[21] climateprogress.org/2009/04/02/calera-caldeira-green-cement-carbon-co2
[22] thebiggestestates.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=121&itemid=82
[23] globalloghomes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&itemid=38
Ferrocement has great strength and economy. It is fireproof, earthquake safe and does not rust, rot or blow down in storms.[34] Ferrocement elements could be . [35]
References:
[34] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ferrocement
[35] openpdf.com/ebook/ferrocement-house-pdf.html
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